Variations of the country endonym Polska became exonyms in other languages. Exonyms for Poland in other Slavic languages bear particular resemblance to the Polish endonym (Kashubian Pòlskô; Czech Polsko; Croatian, Slovenian Poljsko; Belarussian Польшча, Pol'shcha; Russian Польша, Pol'sha). In Latin, which was the principal written language of the Middle Ages, the exonym for Poland became Polonia. It later became the basis for Poland's name in all Romance (Italian, Spanish, Romanian Polonia; French Pologne) and many other languages (e.g. Albanian Polonia; Greek Πολωνία, Polōnía). Germans, Poland's western neighbors, called it Polen from which exonyms for Poland in other Germanic (Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian Polen; English Poland; Icelandic Pólland; Yiddish פױלן, Poyln) and other languages (e.g. Arabic بولندا, Bolánda; Hebrew פולין, Polin; Indonesian Polandia; Irish An Pholainn; Japanese ポーランド, Pōrando) are derived.
There is, however, a group of languages, where the exonym for Poland derives from the name of Lendians, a proto-Polish tribe that lived around the confluence of rivers Vistula and San, in what is now south-eastern Poland. Their name derived probably from the Proto-Polish word lęda, or "scorched land".[1] Not surprisingly, this kind of exonyms are used by the peoples who lived east or south of Poland. Among those exonyms are: Lithuanian Lenkija, Hungarian Lengyelország and Turkish Lehistan (now considered obsolete and replaced by Polonya).[3] The latter became the basis for Poland exonyms in a number of other Middle Eastern languages, including: Kurdish لێھستان, Lohêstan; Armenian Լեհաստան, Lehastan; Persian, Tajik لهستان, Lahestan).
In East Slavic languages a Pole was called лях (lyakh), a term that gave rise to the Polish poetic endonym, Lechia. This name became so popular that it led the Poles to believe that Poland was founded by a legendary hero called Lech. The historical region of Poland on the Belarusian border known as Podlachia (Polish Podlasie) derives its name from that East Slavic exonym. Today, Lachy Sądeckie is a name of a small ethnic group around Nowy Sącz in southern Lesser Poland. In Polish literature, the names Lachy and Lechistan are often put in East Slavic and Turkish mouths respectively as synonyms for "Poles" and "Poland".
In some languages the Polish endonym Polak became an ethnic slur used to describe a Pole. Examples include English Polack (formerly a neutral term[4], for example in Hamlet's references to "the Polack wars") and French polaque. In other languages this is the neutral word for Polish or a Pole (e.g. Spanish polaco, Italian polacco). In Russian and Ukrainian the old exonym лях (lyakh) is now considered offensive[5] and is replaced by the neutral поляк (polyak), although the latter's diminutive form, полячёк (polyachyok) is pejorative as well.