A Republican Fannie Mae
The worst mortgage idea since Barney Frank's last one.
How's this for a bright idea to boost home prices and goose the economy: Have two government-chartered entities exploit Uncle Sam's low borrowing costs to subsidize mortgage rates. Lower borrowing costs will make housing more affordable and increase demand for unsold homes. If this sounds hauntingly familiar, that's because it is.
AP Mitch McConnell.
Think Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, whose mortgage-rate subsidy helped get us into this mess.
Well, here we go again, though this time the Republicans are offering the free lunch. Under a proposal endorsed this week by Senate GOP leader Mitch McConnell, Fannie and Freddie would serve as the conduit for 30-year mortgages with fixed 4% interest rates. This is based on an idea that economists Glenn Hubbard and Christopher Mayer first floated on these pages, targeting a 4.5% fixed rate. Let's just say this proves we don't agree with everything we publish.
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Because 10-year Treasury yields are currently around 2.9%, the government could in theory borrow the money, lend it out at 4% and make these mortgages available at minimal cost. These mortgages would encourage buyers to buy and so stem the decline in home prices. If they were made available to those refinancing, they could also help people struggling to pay their mortgage bills or facing resets on adjustable-rate loans.
That's the theory.
The problems are price-fixing, taxpayer cost, and a misunderstanding of housing trends. True, the government would not set the prices of the houses themselves. But by fixing the price of home financing, the government would be nationalizing one more branch of the housing market. The feds tried this recently with student loans, and the result is that the private market largely collapsed. After this all-too-predictable result, Congress did what comes naturally: It blamed lenders who withdrew from the market for being "greedy." And it had the government -- the taxpayer -- become the main lender to students.
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If the government wanted to avoid this fate, it could instead let banks make the loans and subsidize them for the difference between the 4.5% rate and the market rate. But wait -- if the government has fixed the price, there is no market rate, so there's no way to know what a "fair" rate of subsidy is. This was one of the problems with Congress's 2007 student-loan reform. Lenders and lawmakers had different ideas about how to define fair compensation, so the lenders walked.
Proponents nonetheless claim this would help consumers by lowering their mortgage payments and stopping the house-price decline. In fact, the impact on home prices or housing demand is likely to be small. Some supporters claim a 4.5% mortgage rate could add 12% or more to house prices. But other estimates put the home-price boost at closer to 1%-3%, a tiny improvement in a dismal market. Home prices in many markets are still too high compared to long-term trends, and they are likely to keep falling until they get back to that norm.
Mr. Hubbard says 4.5% mortgages could boost homeownership back to levels last seen in 2004, at the height of the boom. That seems unlikely. Those who have had their credit destroyed by foreclosure are probably not the best candidates for jumping back into the housing pool. Most of the people who would take advantage of these loans either would have bought a home anyway, because they need one, or already own a home and want to (but don't need to) lower their rates.
But even if this did happen, it's not clear why it should. These days even Barney Frank agrees that homeownership rates were artificially high at the end of the boom. Getting back to those levels would only presage another bust. That bust would be scheduled for shortly after this supposedly temporary program ended, assuming it ever does. Right now, 30-year mortgage rates are hovering around 5.5%. These are already nearly as low as they've been in a generation. Even if they only went back up to current levels after the program ended, rates would seem high to homeshoppers merely because they are higher than they were. So any new demand generated now would have to be set against the depressed demand in the future.
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Any such program would also have to be huge -- and hugely expensive. Harvard's Ed Glaeser estimated on these pages Thursday that a $10 trillion program might cost the Treasury $135 billion or so. But that assumes that all those mortgages are paid back in full. And keep in mind the money would have to be borrowed -- in addition to the $3 trillion or so the Treasury will already have to borrow in the next two years. If interest rates and thus federal borrowing costs rise to the 1990s average for the 10-year note of 6.5%, look out.
We realize Republicans feel obliged to have their own "stimulus" plan, and that doing something for housing scores well in polls. We also remember when the subsidy to Fannie and Freddie was considered costless too. Tens of billions later, the tab is still growing. This one could be larger.